Maintenance phase photo
A proper maintenance phase is essential for long-lasting implants, as this will prevent disease recurrence.

Maintenance phase

Patients with dental implants require proper care and maintenance on a regular basis to prevent peri-implant complications.

There are several reasons justifying implant maintenance care:

Peri-implant tissues
Treatment phase photo
The treatment of peri-implant diseases is aimed at disrupting the pathogenic biofilm that accumulates around implants to control infection.

Treatment phase

Given the special features of the design and surface of implants, combined treatment including mechanical and chemical therapies is essential.

Below are some suggested treatment protocols, although

periodontal maintenance phase
In order to sustain the successful outcome achieved in the treatment plan, carrying out an adequate periodontal maintenance phase is essential.

Maintenance phase

The periodontal maintenance phase forms part of periodontal treatment, and its objective is to prevent recurrence and to ensure long term preservation of the periodontal health achieved

Restorative phase
Once periodontal infection and inflammation are under control and after re-evaluating the patient, a restorative phase should be performed.

Restorative phase

The restorative phase is the second part of the periodontal treatment plan, and its goal is to reconstruct lost structures using procedures including occlusal adjustment, orthodontic treatment

Aetiological phase
The first phase of the periodontal treatment plan is the aetiological phase, whose aim is to control the infection.

Aetiological phase

The periodontal treatment plan starts with the aetiological phase whose purpose is to stop disease progression by controlling pathogenic oral biofilm, eradicate systemic and local aetiological factors

Other systemic diseases and conditions
Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory diseases, chronic kidney disease, and others, may be related to periodontal disease

Other systemic diseases and conditions

So far, most studies linking periodontal disease to systemic diseases have focused on diabetes, cardiovascular disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, there are other systemic diseases and

Adverse pregnancy outcomes
Preliminary studies suggest that periodontal disease in pregnant women is an added risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes including pre-term delivery, low birthweight infants and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes

Pathogenic Mechanisms

During pregnancy, due to hormonal changes, there is a certain systemic propensity to periodontal problems. The most pathogenic bacteria of the biofilm, (Socransky’s orange and

Diabetes
Periodontal disease can increase the risk of developing diabetes or affect its control and treatment.

Diabetes

Epidaemiology

Periodontitis and diabetes are chronic diseases of ever-growing worldwide prevalence. Ninety percent of the population is estimated to have some type of oral infectious disease, including

Cardiovascular disease
A clear link exists between periodontal disease severity and the occurrence of coronary arteriosclerosis regardless of other risk factors.

Cardiovascular disease

The relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease has been extensively studied over the past decades through in vitro studies, animal models, case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized

Periodontal disease and systemic diseases
There is evidence that show the relationship between the periodontal disease and certain systemic conditions.

Periodontal disease and systemic diseases

Gingivitis and periodontitis are two stages of periodontal disease, which are generally chronic, infectious and inflammatory in nature, are located in the tooth support tissues and which